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Institut
Der Verlust der Biodiversität wird sowohl auf einer globalen Skala als auch für die anthropogen geformten Landschaften, die heute fast 50% der terrestrischen Landfläche ausmachen, festgestellt. Auf den landwirtschaftlichen Anbauflächen werden Pestizide, biologisch aktive Chemikalien, ausgebracht um Schädlinge, Krankheiten und Unkräuter zu kontrollieren. Um die Auswirkung der Pestizide auf die Biodiversität zu verstehen ist die Quantifizierung der verbliebenen semi-natürlichen Strukturen wie Feldsäume und Hecken, die Organismen in Agrarlandschaften als Habitat dienen, eine Voraussetzung. Für eine Abschätzung ihrer potentiellen Pestizidexposition ist zudem die Anwesenheit der Organismen in diesen Habitaten und in den Feldkulturen notwendig. Im vorliegenden Text stelle ich Studien für Tiergruppen wie Amphibien, Fledermäuse und Motten vor, die bisher nicht in der Risikobewertung für Pestizide berücksichtigt worden sind. Für alle Gruppen wurde dargelegt, dass sie sowohl in der Agrarlandschaft leben als auch potentiell mit Pestiziden in Kontakt kommen und daher ein Risiko angezeigt ist. Für die Risikobetrachtung sind auch Informationen zur Empfindlichkeit der Organismen notwendig und hier werden neue Daten für Pflanzen, Amphibien und Bienen vorgestellt. Effekte die bis auf die Gemeinschaftsebene wirksam waren, wurden für die Auswirkungen von Herbizid, Insektizid und Dünger in einem natürlichen System betrachtet. Das Ergebnis nach drei Behandlungsjahren waren vereinfachte Pflanzengemeinschaften mit geringerer Artenzahl und einer reduzierten Anzahl von Blütenpflanzen. Die Abnahme an Blüten stellt ein Beispiel eines indirekten Effekts dar und war für die Effekte eines Herbizids auf den scharfen Hahnenfuß besonders auffällig. Subletale Herbizideffekte für Pflanzen hatten einen Einfluss auf daran fressende Raupen was durch eine Verminderung der Nahrungsqualität erklärbar ist. Für Feldsäume realistische Insektizidmengen reduzierten die Bestäubung der weißen Lichtnelke durch Motten um 30%. Diese indirekten Effekte durch Veränderungen im Nahrungsnetz spielen eine kritische Rolle für das Verständnis des Rückgangs von verschiedenen Organismengruppen, allerdings werden sie bisher nicht in die Risikobewertung von Pestiziden mit einbezogen. Der aktuelle intensive Pestizideinsatz in der Landwirtschaft und ihre hohe Toxizität könnten zu einer chemisch fragmentierten Landschaft führen in der Population nicht mehr verbunden sind und damit deren Größe und genetische Struktur beeinflussen. Die Modellierung von möglichen Pestizideffekten als Kosten für die Anwanderung von Amphibien zu Fortpflanzungsgewässern in Weinbergen in Rheinland-Pfalz zeigte die Isolation der untersuchten Populationen an. Eine erste Validierung für den Grasfrosch bestätigte die Modellvorhersagen für einige Populationen. Für den terrestrischen Bereich der Risiko-bewertung ist eine Vielzahl von Richtlinien vorhanden oder wird aktuell entwickelt oder verbessert. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeiten zeigen, dass vor allem die reproduktiven Blütenstadien von Pflanzen sehr empfindlich sind und ihr Risiko unterschätz ist. Die Erholung von Arthropodenpopulationen nach Pestizideffekten muss auf Landschafts-ebene neu bemessen werden und eine Risikobewertung für Amphibien für die Zulassung wird vorgeschlagen. Die Etablierung und Anpassung von Risikobewertungssystemen ist allerdings ein zeitaufwändiger Prozess und daher stellt die Entwicklung von Risikomanagementmaßnahmen eine pragmatische Alternative mit unmittelbaren Auswirkungen dar. Künstliche Gewässer der Agrarlandschaft sind wichtige Nahrungsgebiete für Fledermäuse und ihre Anlage würde negative Auswirkungen des Pestizideinsatzes abschwächen. Die Einbindung von direkten und indirekten Effekten für alle Organismengruppen in eine Risikobewertung in der auch der Landschaftsmaßstab und Pestizidmischungen betrachtet werden wird viel Entwicklungszeit benötigen. Die Etablierung von Modellandschaften in der Managementmaßnahmen und integrierter Pflanzenschutz auf größerer Skala angewendet werden, würde es uns jedoch erlauben die Auswirkungen von Pestiziden in einem realistischen Szenario zu untersuchen und Ansätze für die Landwirtschaft der Zukunft zu entwickeln.
In the new epoch of Anthropocene, global freshwater resources are experiencing extensive degradation from a multitude of stressors. Consequently, freshwater ecosystems are threatened by a considerable loss of biodiversity as well as substantial decrease in adequate and secured freshwater supply for human usage, not only on local scales, but also on regional to global scales. Large scale assessments of human and ecological impacts of freshwater degradation enable an integrated freshwater management as well as complement small scale approaches. Geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial statistics (SS) have shown considerable potential in ecological and ecotoxicological research to quantify stressor impacts on humans and ecological entitles, and disentangle the relationships between drivers and ecological entities on large scales through an integrated spatial-ecological approach. However, integration of GIS and SS with ecological and ecotoxicological models are scarce and hence the large scale spatial picture of the extent and magnitude of freshwater stressors as well as their human and ecological impacts is still opaque. This Ph.D. thesis contributes novel GIS and SS tools as well as adapts and advances available spatial models and integrates them with ecological models to enable large scale human and ecological impacts identification from freshwater degradation. The main aim was to identify and quantify the effects of stressors, i.e climate change and trace metals, on the freshwater assemblage structure and trait composition, and human health, respectively, on large scales, i.e. European and Asian freshwater networks. The thesis starts with an introduction to the conceptual framework and objectives (chapter 1). It proceeds with outlining two novel open-source algorithms for quantification of the magnitude and effects of catchment scale stressors (chapter 2). The algorithms, i.e. jointly called ATRIC, automatically select an accumulation threshold for stream network extraction from digital elevation models (DEM) by assuring the highest concordance between DEM-derived and traditionally mapped stream networks. Moreover, they delineate catchments and upstream riparian corridors for given stream sampling points after snapping them to the DEM-derived stream network. ATRIC showed similar or better performance than the available comparable algorithms, and is capable of processing large scale datasets. It enables an integrated and transboundary management of freshwater resources by quantifying the magnitude of effects of catchment scale stressors. Spatially shifting temporal points (SSTP), outlined in chapter 3, estimates pooled within-time series (PTS) variograms by spatializing temporal data points and shifting them. Data were pooled by ensuring consistency of spatial structure and temporal stationarity within a time series, while pooling sufficient number of data points and increasing data density for a reliable variogram estimation. SSTP estimated PTS variograms showed higher precision than the available method. The method enables regional scale stressors quantification by filling spatial data gaps integrating temporal information in data scarce regions. In chapter 4, responses of the assumed climate-associated traits from six grouping features to 35 bioclimatic indices for five insect orders were compared, their potential for changing distribution pattern under future climate change was evaluated and the most influential climatic aspects were identified (chapter 4). Traits of temperature preference grouping feature and the insect order Ephemeroptera exhibited the strongest response to climate as well as the highest potential for changing distribution pattern, while seasonal radiation and moisture were the most influential climatic aspects that may drive a change in insect distribution pattern. The results contribute to the trait based freshwater monitoring and change prediction. In chapter 5, the concentrations of 10 trace metals in the drinking water sources were predicted and were compared with guideline values. In more than 53% of the total area of Pakistan, inhabited by more than 74 million people, the drinking water was predicted to be at risk from multiple trace metal contamination. The results inform freshwater management by identifying potential hot spots. The last chapter (6) synthesizes the results and provides a comprehensive discussion on the four studies and on their relevance for freshwater resources conservation and management.
Studies have shown that runoff and spray-drift are important sources of nonpoint-source pesticide pollution of surface waters. Owing to this, public concern over the presence of pesticides in surface and ground water has resulted in intensive scientific efforts to find economical, yet environmentally sound solutions to the problem. The primary objective of this research was to assess the effectiveness of vegetated aquatic systems in providing buffering between natural aquatic ecosystems and agricultural landscape following insecticide associated runoff and spray-drift events. The first set of studies were implemented using vegetated agricultural ditches, one in Mississippi, USA, using pyrethroids (bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin) under simulated runoff conditions and the other in the Western Cape, South Africa using the organophosphate insecticide, azinphos-methyl (AZP), under natural runoff and spray-drift conditions. The second set of studies were implemented using constructed wetlands, one in the Western Cape using AZP under natural spray-drift conditions and the other in Mississippi, USA using the organophosphate MeP under simulated runoff conditions. Results from the Mississippi-ditch study indicated that ditch lengths of less than 300 m would be sufficient to mitigate bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin. In addition, data from mass balance calculations determined that the ditch plants were the major sink (generally > 90%) and/or sorption site for the rapid dissipation of the above pyrethroids from the water column. Similarly, results from the ditch study in South Africa showed that a 180 m vegetated system was effective in mitigating AZP after natural spray drift and low flow runoff events. Analytical results from the first wetland study show that the vegetated wetland was more effective than the non-vegetated wetland in reducing loadings of MeP. Mass balance calculations indicated approximately 90% of MeP mass was associated with the plant compartment. Ninety-six hours after the contamination, a significant negative acute effect of contamination on abundances was found in 8 out of the 15 macroinvertebrate species in both wetland systems. Even with these toxic effects, the overall reaction of macroinvertebrates clearly demonstrated that the impact of MeP in the vegetated wetland was considerably lower than in the non-vegetated wetland. Results from the constructed wetland study in South Africa revealed that concentrations of AZP at the inlet of the 134 m wetland system were reduced by 90% at the outlet. Overall, results from all of the studies in this thesis indicate that the presence of the plant compartment was essential for the effective mitigation of insecticide contamination introduced after both simulated and natural runoff or spray-drift events. Finally, both the vegetated agricultural drainage ditch and vegetated constructed wetland systems studied would be effective in mitigating pesticide loadings introduced from either runoff or spray-drift, in turn lowering or eliminating potential pesticide associated toxic effects in receiving aquatic ecosystems. Data produced in this research provide important information to reduce insecticide risk in exposure assessment scenarios. It should be noted that incorporating these types of best management practices (BMPs) will decrease the risk of acute toxicity, but chronic exposure may still be an apparent overall risk.
Fungicide effects on the structure and functioning of leaf-associated aquatic fungal communities
(2022)
Aquatic hyphomycetes are a polyphyletic group of saprotrophic fungi growing abundantly on submerged leaf litter. In stream ecosystems shaped by allochthonous leaf litter inputs, they play a central functional role as decomposers and food source for other organisms. Fungicides pose a threat to aquatic hyphomycetes and their functions, since these substances are inherently toxic to fungi and contaminate surface waters around the world due to their widespread use in agricultural and urban landscapes. While fungicides’ potential to reduce fungal diversity are discerned, the extent of impacts on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships (B EF) remains unclear. This is partly attributed to methodological constraints in the detection and quantification of single aquatic hyphomycete species within microbial leaf-associated communities. The primary aim of this thesis was, therefore, (1) to assess the ecotoxicological impacts of fungicides on B-EF relationships in aquatic hyphomycete communities. To facilitate this, subordinate aims were to (2) develop DNA-based biomolecular tools (i.e., qPCR assays) to detect and to quantify the biomass of different aquatic hyphomycete species in mixed cultures and (3) to investigate the mechanisms underlying B-EF relationships in the absence of chemical stressors.
In the course of this thesis, qPCR assays were developed for detection and species-specific biomass quantification of ten common aquatic hyphomycete species and successfully validated for application in eco( toxico )logical microcosm experiments. Via a systematic manipulation of fungal diversity, these assays allow the examination of B-EF relationships by assessments of deviations between observed and (monoculture-based) predicted activities in fungal mixed cultures. Taking advantage of these tools in a microcosm experiment, it was uncovered that leaf decomposition results from the additive activity of community members, even though functionally distinct species were present. Colonization dynamics are characterized by complex interactions. Colonization success of aquatic hyphomycetes is higher if co-occurring species are genetically and functionally distinct (i.e., complementary interactions). However, the co-occurrence of aquatic hyphomycete species does not necessarily result in a greater colonization success compared to monocultures, unless bacteria are present. Accordingly, the presence of other microbial groups such as bacteria may induce new fungal diversity-based feedback loops, which ultimately enable coexistence of aquatic hyphomycete species in the environment. Exposure to fungicides revealed substantial differences in sensitivities among aquatic hyphomycetes. The most productive species were able to cope with extremely high fungicide concentrations up to the mg/L-range. In assemblages containing these species, leaf decomposition was maintained under fungicide exposure. Yet, already at environmentally relevant fungicide concentrations, tolerant species displaced more sensitive ones, potentially affecting leaves’ nutritional quality for consumers. This thesis thus indicates that fungicide exposure poses a risk to stream food webs rather than the microbial leaf decomposition process per se.