Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Dissertation (22)
- Habilitation (2)
Schlagworte
- Pestizid (5)
- Pflanzenschutzmittel (5)
- agriculture (4)
- risk assessment (4)
- Landwirtschaft (3)
- Fungizid (2)
- Pestizide (2)
- Wirbellose (2)
- aquatic macrophytes (2)
- pesticide (2)
Institut
In einem Großteil der Welt wird Grundwasser für die Versorgung von Siedlungen und Agrarflächen genutzt. Organismen, die im Grundwasser leben, erfüllen wichtige Funktionen im Ökosystem und haben positiven Einfluss auf die Grundwasserqualität. Um das Risiko negativer Effekte auf diese wertvollen Ökosysteme zu minimieren muss die entsprechende Sanierungsmethode, im Falle einer Grundwasserbehandlung, mit Vorsicht gewählt werden. In der vorliegenden Thesis wurde das Umweltrisiko von Carbo-Iron untersucht, ein Komposit aus nanoskaligem null-valentem Eisen und Aktivkohle zur in situ-Behandlung von Grundwasser. Des Weiteren wurde eine umfassende Beurteilung des Umweltrisikos und des Nutzens einer Grundwasserbehandlung mit Carbo-Iron durchgeführt.
Zu Beginn der Arbeit an der vorliegenden Thesis existierten noch keine Empfehlungen für Untersuchung der Ökotoxizität von Nanomaterialien. Daher bestanden viele Unsicherheiten hinsichtlich geeigneter Methoden. Im Rahmen dieser Thesis wurde eine Entscheidungshilfe entwickelt, um bei der ökotoxikologischen Untersuchung von Nanomaterialien systematisch geeignete methodische Schritte auszuwählen.
Mögliche Effekte von Carbo-Iron wurden in Tests mit embryonalen, juvenilen und adulten Lebensstadien des Zebrabärblings (Danio rerio) und juvenilen und adulten Amphipoden (Hyalella azteca) untersucht. Die gewählten Testsysteme basierten auf existierenden Testmethoden der OECD und EPA zur ökotoxikologischen Untersuchung von Chemikalien (OECD, 1992a, 2013a, 2013b; US EPA, 2000). Zusätzlich wurde die Aufnahme der Partikel in die genannten Testorganismen untersucht. In Zebrabärblingsembryonen wurden außerdem potentielle Effekte auf die Genexpression mittels Microarrays ermittelt. Die erhaltenen Daten wurden später mit Ergebnissen aus Tests mit dem Wasserfloh Daphnia magna, der Alge Scenedesmus vacuolatus, Larven der Mücke Chironomus riparius und nitrifizierenden Bodenmikroorganismen ergänzt.
In dem Fischembryotoxizitätstest wurde keine Passage der Carbo-Iron-Partikel durch das Chorion in den perivitellinen Raum oder den Embryo beobachtet. Nach der Exposition wurde Carbo-Iron im Darm von H. azteca und D. rerio, aber keinem anderen Gewebe oder Organen detektiert. Carbo-Iron hatte keine signifikanten Effekte auf die Nitrifikationsrate der Bodenmikroorganismen sowie Überleben und Wachstum des Zebrabärblings. Dennoch wurden signifikant negative Effekte auf Wachstum, Fütterungsrate und Reproduktion von H. azteca und auf das Überleben und die Reproduktion von D. magna festgestellt. Des Weiteren war die Entwicklungsrate von C. riparius und das Zellvolumen von S. vacuolatus negativ beeinflusst.
Anhand der durchgeführten Studien wurde basierend auf dem Ergebnis des Reproduktionstests mit D. magna und einem assessment factor von 10 für Carbo-Iron eine predicted no effect concentration von 0,1 mg/L ermittelt. Diese wurde mit modellierten und gemessenen Umweltkonzentrationen von Carbo-Iron verglichen die in einer Studie erhoben wurden, in denen Carbo-Iron zur Behandlung eines mit Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen kontaminierten Aquifers eingesetzt wurde, und Risiko-Quotienten wurden abgeleitet. Zur gesamtheitlichen Betrachtung wurde anschließend ein Schema zur Bewertung des Umweltrisikos vor und nach der Behandlung des Aquifers mit Carbo-Iron entwickelt. Die erhobenen Daten weisen auf ein reduziertes Umweltrisiko nach der Applikation von Carbo-Iron hin. Dementsprechend überwiegen die Vorteile einer Grundwasserbehandlung mit Carbo-Iron die potentiellen negativen Effekte auf die Umwelt.
Environmental processes transforming inorganic nanoparticles: implications on aquatic invertebrates
(2020)
Engineered inorganic nanoparticles (EINPs) are produced and utilized on a large scale and will end up in surface waters. Once in surface waters, EINPs are subjected to transformations induced by environmental processes altering the particles’ fate and inherent toxicity. UV irradiation of photoactive EINPs is defined as one effect-inducing pathway, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increasing EINP toxicity by exerting oxidative stress in aquatic life. Simultaneously, UV irradiation of photoactive EINP alters the toxicity of co-occurring micropollutants (e.g. pesticides) by affecting their degradation. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) reduces the agglomeration and sedimentation of EINPs, extending the exposure of pelagic species, while delaying the exposure of benthic species living in and on the sediment, which is suggested as final sink for EINPs. However, the joint impact of NOM and UV irradiation on EINP-induced toxicity, but also EINP-induced degradation of micropollutants, and the resulting risk for aquatic biota, is poorly understood. Although potential effects of EINPs on benthic species are increasingly investigated, the importance of exposure pathways (waterborne or dietary) is unclear, along with the reciprocal pathway of EINPs, i.e. the transport back from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, this thesis investigates: (i) how the presence of NOM affects the UV-induced toxicity of the model EINP titanium dioxide (nTiO2) on the pelagic organism Daphnia magna, (ii) to which extent UV irradiation of nTiO2 in the presence and absence of NOM modifies the toxicity of six selected pesticides in D. magna, (iii) potential exposure pathway dependent effects of nTiO2 and silver (nAg) EINPs on the benthic organism Gammarus fossarum, and (iv) the transport of nTiO2 and gold EINPs (nAu) via the merolimnic aquatic insect Chaetopteryx villosa back to terrestrial ecosystems. nTiO2 toxicity in D. magna increased up to 280-fold in the presence of UV light, and was mitigated by NOM up to 12-fold. Depending on the pesticide, UV irradiation of nTiO2 reduced but also enhanced pesticide toxicity, by (i) more efficient pesticide degradation, and presumably (ii) formation of toxic by-products, respectively. Likewise, NOM reduced and increased pesticide toxicity, induced by (i) protection of D. magna against locally acting ROS, and (ii) mitigation of pesticide degradation, respectively. Gammarus’ energy assimilation was significantly affected by both EINPs, however, with distinct variation in direction and pathway dependence between nTiO2 and nAg. EINP presence delayed C. villosa emergence by up to 30 days, and revealed up to 40% reduced lipid reserves, while the organisms carried substantial amounts of nAu (~1.5 ng/mg), and nTiO2 (up to 2.7 ng/mg). This thesis shows, that moving test conditions of EINPs towards a more field-relevant approach, meaningfully modifies the risk of EINPs for aquatic organisms. Thereby, more efforts need to be made to understand the relative importance of EINP exposure pathways, especially since a transferability between different types of EINPs may not be given. When considering typically applied risk assessment factors, adverse effects on aquatic systems might already be expected at currently predicted environmental EINP concentrations in the low ng-µg/L range.
Fungicide effects on the structure and functioning of leaf-associated aquatic fungal communities
(2022)
Aquatic hyphomycetes are a polyphyletic group of saprotrophic fungi growing abundantly on submerged leaf litter. In stream ecosystems shaped by allochthonous leaf litter inputs, they play a central functional role as decomposers and food source for other organisms. Fungicides pose a threat to aquatic hyphomycetes and their functions, since these substances are inherently toxic to fungi and contaminate surface waters around the world due to their widespread use in agricultural and urban landscapes. While fungicides’ potential to reduce fungal diversity are discerned, the extent of impacts on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships (B EF) remains unclear. This is partly attributed to methodological constraints in the detection and quantification of single aquatic hyphomycete species within microbial leaf-associated communities. The primary aim of this thesis was, therefore, (1) to assess the ecotoxicological impacts of fungicides on B-EF relationships in aquatic hyphomycete communities. To facilitate this, subordinate aims were to (2) develop DNA-based biomolecular tools (i.e., qPCR assays) to detect and to quantify the biomass of different aquatic hyphomycete species in mixed cultures and (3) to investigate the mechanisms underlying B-EF relationships in the absence of chemical stressors.
In the course of this thesis, qPCR assays were developed for detection and species-specific biomass quantification of ten common aquatic hyphomycete species and successfully validated for application in eco( toxico )logical microcosm experiments. Via a systematic manipulation of fungal diversity, these assays allow the examination of B-EF relationships by assessments of deviations between observed and (monoculture-based) predicted activities in fungal mixed cultures. Taking advantage of these tools in a microcosm experiment, it was uncovered that leaf decomposition results from the additive activity of community members, even though functionally distinct species were present. Colonization dynamics are characterized by complex interactions. Colonization success of aquatic hyphomycetes is higher if co-occurring species are genetically and functionally distinct (i.e., complementary interactions). However, the co-occurrence of aquatic hyphomycete species does not necessarily result in a greater colonization success compared to monocultures, unless bacteria are present. Accordingly, the presence of other microbial groups such as bacteria may induce new fungal diversity-based feedback loops, which ultimately enable coexistence of aquatic hyphomycete species in the environment. Exposure to fungicides revealed substantial differences in sensitivities among aquatic hyphomycetes. The most productive species were able to cope with extremely high fungicide concentrations up to the mg/L-range. In assemblages containing these species, leaf decomposition was maintained under fungicide exposure. Yet, already at environmentally relevant fungicide concentrations, tolerant species displaced more sensitive ones, potentially affecting leaves’ nutritional quality for consumers. This thesis thus indicates that fungicide exposure poses a risk to stream food webs rather than the microbial leaf decomposition process per se.
Diet-related effects of antimicrobials in aquatic decomposer-shredder and periphyton-grazer systems
(2022)
Leaf-associated microbial decomposers as well as periphyton serve as important food sources for detritivorous and herbivorous macroinvertebrates (shredders and grazers) in streams. Shredders and grazers, in turn, provide not only collectors with food but also serve as prey for predators. Therefore, decomposer-shredder and periphyton-grazer systems (here summarized as freshwater biofilm-consumer systems) are highly important for the energy and nutrient supply in heterotrophic and autotrophic stream food webs. However, both systems can be affected by chemical stressors, amongst which antimicrobials (e.g., antibiotics, fungicides and algaecides) are of particular concern. Antimicrobials can impair shredders and grazers not only via waterborne exposure (waterborne effect pathway) but also through dietary exposure and microorganism-mediated alterations in the food quality of their diet (dietary effect pathway). Even though the relevance of the latter pathway received more attention in recent years, little is known about the mechanisms that are responsible for the observed effects in shredders and grazers. Therefore, the first objective of this thesis was to broaden the knowledge of indirect antimicrobial effects in a model shredder and grazer via the dietary pathway. Moreover, although freshwater biofilm-consumer systems are most likely exposed to antimicrobial mixtures comprised of different stressor groups, virtually nothing is known of these mixture effects in both systems. Therefore, the second objective was to assess and predict diet-related antimicrobial mixture effects in a model freshwater biofilm-consumer system. During this thesis, positive diet-related effects of a model antibiotic on the energy processing and physiology of the shredder Gammarus fossarum were observed. They were probably triggered by shifts in the leaf-associated microbial community in favor of aquatic fungi that increased the food quality of leaves for the shredder. Contrary to that, a model fungicide induced negative effects on the energy processing of G. fossarum via the dietary pathway, which can be explained by negative impacts on the microbial decomposition efficiency leading to a reduced food quality of leaf litter for gammarids. For diet-related antimicrobial effects in periphyton-grazer systems, a model algaecide altered the periphyton community composition by increasing nutritious and palatable algae. This resulted in an enhanced consumption and physiological fitness of the grazer Physella acuta. Finally, it was shown that complex horizontal interactions among leaf-associated microorganisms are involved, making diet-related antimicrobial mixture effects in the shredder G. fossarum difficult to predict. Thus, this thesis provides new insights into indirect diet-related effects of antimicrobials on shredders and grazers as well as demonstrates uncertainties of antimicrobial mixture effect predictions for freshwater biofilm-consumer systems. Moreover, the findings in this thesis are not only informative for regulatory authorities, as indirect effects and effects of mixtures across chemical classes are not considered in the environmental risk assessment of chemical substances, but also stimulate future research to close knowledge gaps identified during this work.