004 Datenverarbeitung; Informatik
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Institut
- Institut für Informatik (64) (entfernen)
In this paper we describe a series of projects on location based and personalised information systems. We start wit a basic research project and we show how we came with the help of two other more application oriented project to a product. This is developed by a consortium of enterprises and it already is in use in the city of Koblenz.
Terrainklassifikation mit Markov Zufallsfeldern für autonome Roboter in unstrukturiertem Terrain
(2015)
Diese Doktorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Problem der Terrainklassifikation im unstrukturierten Außengelände. Die Terrainklassifikation umfasst dabei das Erkennen von Hindernissen und flachen Bereichen mit der einhergehenden Analyse der Bodenoberfläche. Ein 3D Laser-Entfernungsmesser wurde als primärer Sensor verwendet, um das Umfeld des Roboters zu vermessen. Zunächst wird eine Gitterstruktur zur Reduktion der Daten eingeführt. Diese Datenrepräsentation ermöglicht die Integration mehrerer Sensoren, z.B. Kameras für Farb- und Texturinformationen oder weitere Laser-Entfernungsmesser, um die Datendichte zu erhöhen. Anschließend werden für alle Terrainzellen des Gitters Merkmale berechnet. Die Klassifikation erfolgt mithilfe eines Markov Zufallsfeldes für Kontextsensitivität um Sensorrauschen und variierender Datendichte entgegenzuwirken. Ein Gibbs-Sampling Ansatz wird zur Optimierung eingesetzt und auf der CPU sowie der auf GPU parallelisiert um Ergebnisse in Echtzeit zu berechnen. Weiterhin werden dynamische Hindernisse unter Verwendung verschiedener State-of-the-Art Techniken erkannt und über die Zeit verfolgt. Die berechneten Informationen, wohin sich andere Verkehrsteilnehmer bewegen und in Zukunft hinbewegen könnten, werden verwendet, um Rückschlüsse auf Bodenoberflächen zu ziehen die teilweise oder vollständig unsichtbar für die Sensoren sind. Die Algorithmen wurden auf unterschiedlichen autonomen Roboter-Plattformen getestet und eine Evaluation gegen von Menschen annotierte Grundwahrheiten von Karten aus mehreren Millionen Messungen wird präsentiert. Der in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Ansatz zur Terrainklassifikation hat sich in allen Anwendungsbereichen bewährt und neue Erkenntnisse geliefert. Kombiniert mit einem Pfadplanungsalgorithmus ermöglicht die Terrainklassifikation die vollständige Autonomie für radgetriebene Roboter in natürlichem Außengelände.
The semantic web and model-driven engineering are changing the enterprise computing paradigm. By introducing technologies like ontologies, metadata and logic, the semantic web improves drastically how companies manage knowledge. In counterpart, model-driven engineering relies on the principle of using models to provide abstraction, enabling developers to concentrate on the system functionality rather than on technical platforms. The next enterprise computing era will rely on the synergy between both technologies. On the one side, ontology technologies organize system knowledge in conceptual domains according to its meaning. It addresses enterprise computing needs by identifying, abstracting and rationalizing commonalities, and checking for inconsistencies across system specifications. On the other side, model-driven engineering is closing the gap among business requirements, designs and executables by using domain-specific languages with custom-built syntax and semantics. In this scenario, the research question that arises is: What are the scientific and technical results around ontology technologies that can be used in model-driven engineering and vice versa? The objective is to analyze approaches available in the literature that involve both ontologies and model-driven engineering. Therefore, we conduct a literature review that resulted in a feature model for classifying state-of-the-art approaches. The results show that the usage of ontologies and model-driven engineering together have multiple purposes: validation, visual notation, expressiveness and interoperability. While approaches involving both paradigms exist, an integrated approach for UML class-based modeling and ontology modeling is lacking so far. Therefore, we investigate the techniques and languages for designing integrated models. The objective is to provide an approach to support the design of integrated solutions. Thus, we develop a conceptual framework involving the structure and the notations of a solution to represent and query software artifacts using a combination of ontologies and class-based modeling. As proof of concept, we have implemented our approach as a set of open source plug-ins -- the TwoUse Toolkit. The hypothesis is that a combination of both paradigms yields improvements in both fields, ontology engineering and model-driven engineering. For MDE, we investigate the impact of using features of the Web Ontology Language in software modeling. The results are patterns and guidelines for designing ontology-based information systems and for supporting software engineers in modeling software. The results include alternative ways of describing classes and objects and querying software models and metamodels. Applications show improvements on changeability and extensibility. In the ontology engineering domain, we investigate the application of techniques used in model-driven engineering to fill the abstraction gap between ontology specification languages and programming languages. The objective is to provide a model-driven platform for supporting activities in the ontology engineering life cycle. Therefore, we study the development of core ontologies in our department, namely the core ontology for multimedia (COMM) and the multimedia metadata ontology. The results are domain-specific languages that allow ontology engineers to abstract from implementation issues and concentrate on the ontology engineering task. It results in increasing productivity by filling the gap between domain models and source code.
Das Web 2.0 stellt online Technologien zur Verfügung, die es Nutzern erlaubt gemeinsam Inhalte zu erstellen, zu publizieren und zu teilen. Dienste wie Twitter, CNet, CiteSeerX etc. sind Beispiele für Web 2.0 Plattformen, die zum einen Benutzern bei den oben beschriebenen Aktivitäten unterstützen und zum anderen als Quellen reichhaltiger Information angesehen werden können. Diese Plattformen ermöglichen es Nutzern an Diskussionen teilzunehmen, Inhalte anderer Nutzer zu kommentieren, generell Feedback zu geben (z.B. zu einem Produkt) und Inhalte zu publizieren, sei es im Rahmen eines Blogs oder eines wissenschaftlichen Artikels. Alle diese Aktivitäten führen zu einer großen Menge an unstrukturierten Daten. In diesem Überfluss an Informationen kann auf den persönlichen Informationsbedarf einzelner Benutzer nicht mehr individuell genug eingegangen werden kann. Methoden zur automatischen Analyse und Aggregation unstrukturierter Daten die von einzelnen Plattformen zur Verfügung gestellt werden, können dabei helfen den sich aus dem unterschiedlichen Kontext der Plattformen ergebenden Informationsbedarf zu beantworten. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir drei Methoden vor, die helfen den Informationsüberfluss zu verringern und es somit ermöglichen den Informationsbedarf einzelner Nutzer besser zu beantworten.
Der erste Beitrag dieser Arbeit betrachtet die zwei Hauptprobleme des Dienstes Twitter: die Kürze und die Qualität der Einträge und wie sich diese auf die Ergebnisse von Suchverfahren auswirken. Wir analysieren und identifizieren Merkmale für einzelne Kurznachrichten auch Twitter (sog. Tweets), die es ermöglichen die Qualität eines Tweets zu bestimmen. Basierend auf dieser Analyse führen wir den Begriff "Interestingness" ein, der als statisches Qualitätsmaß für Tweets dient. In einer empirischen Analyse zeigen wir, dass die vorgeschlagenen Maße dabei helfen qualitativ hochwertigere Information in Twitter zu finden und zu filtern. Der zweite Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Problem der Inhaltsdiversifikation in einem kollaborativen sozialen System, z.B. einer online Diskussion die aus der sozialen Kollaboration der Nutzer einer Plattform entstanden ist. Ein Leser einer solchen Diskussion möchte sich einen schnellen und umfassenden Überblick über die Pro und Contra Argumente in der Diskussion verschaffen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde FREuD entwickelt, ein Ansatz der hilft das Diversifikationsproblem von Inhalten in den Griff zu bekommen. FREuD kombiniert Latent Semantic Analysis mit Sentiment Analyse. Die Evaluation von FREuD hat gezeigt, dass es mit diesem Ansatz möglich ist, einen umfassenden Überblick über die Unterthemen und die Aspekte einer Diskussion, sowie über die Meinungen der Diskussionteilnehmer zu liefern. Der dritte Beitrag dieser Arbeit ist eine neues Autoren-Thema-Zeit Modell, dass es ermöglicht Trendthemen und Benutzerinteressen in sozialen Medien zu erfassen. Der Ansatz löst dieses Problem indem er die Relationen zwischen Autoren, latenter Themen und zeitlicher Information mittels Bayes'schen Netzen modelliert. Unsere Evaluation zeigt einen verbesserte Erkennung von semantisch zusammenhaängenden Themen und liefert im weiteren Informationen darüber in wie weit die Veränderung im Interesse einzelner Autoren mit der Entwicklung einzelner Themengebiete zusammenhängt.
We aim to demonstrate that automated deduction techniques, in particular those following the model computation paradigm, are very well suited for database schema/query reasoning. Specifically, we present an approach to compute completed paths for database or XPath queries. The database schema and a query are transformed to disjunctive logic programs with default negation, using a description logic as an intermediate language. Our underlying deduction system, KRHyper, then detects if a query is satisfiable or not. In case of a satisfiable query, all completed paths -- those that fulfill all given constraints -- are returned as part of the computed models. The purpose of our approach is to dramatically reduce the workload on the query processor. Without the path completion, a usual XML query processor would search the database for solutions to the query. In the paper we describe the transformation in detail and explain how to extract the solution to the original task from the computed models. We understand this paper as a first step, that covers a basic schema/query reaÂsoning task by model-based deduction. Due to the underlying expressive logic formalism we expect our approach to easily adapt to more sophisticated problem settings, like type hierarchies as they evolve within the XML world.
Hybrid automata are used as standard means for the specification and analysis of dynamical systems. Several researches have approached them to formally specify reactive Multi-agent systems situated in a physical environment, where the agents react continuously to their environment. The specified systems, in turn, are formally checked with the help of existing hybrid automata verification tools. However, when dealing with multi-agent systems, two problems may be raised. The first problem is a state space problem raised due to the composition process, where the agents have to be parallel composed into an agent capturing all possible behaviors of the multi-agent system prior to the verification phase. The second problem concerns the expressiveness of verification tools when modeling and verifying certain behaviors. Therefore, this paper tackles these problems by showing how multi-agent systems, specified as hybrid automata, can be modeled and verified using constraint logic programming(CLP). In particular, a CLP framework is presented to show how the composition of multi-agent behaviors can be captured dynamically during the verification phase. This can relieve the state space complexity that may occur as a result of the composition process. Additionally, the expressiveness of the CLP model flexibly allows not only to model multi-agent systems, but also to check various properties by means of the reachability analysis. Experiments are promising to show the feasibility of our approach.
Networked RDF graphs
(2007)
Networked graphs are defined in this paper as a small syntactic extension of named graphs in RDF. They allow for the definition of a graph by explicitly listing triples as well as by SPARQL queries on one or multiple other graphs. By this extension it becomes possible to define a graph including a view onto other graphs and to define the meaning of a set of graphs by the way they reference each other. The semantics of networked graphs is defined by their mapping into logic programs. The expressiveness and computational complexity of networked graphs, varying by the set of constraints imposed on the underlying SPARQL queries, is investigated. We demonstrate the capabilities of networked graphs by a simple use case.
The processing of data is often restricted by contractual and legal requirements for protecting privacy and IPRs. Policies provide means to control how and by whom data is processed. Conditions of policies may depend on the previous processing of the data. However, existing policy languages do not provide means to express such conditions. In this work we present a formal model and language allowing for specifying conditions based on the history of data processing. We base the model and language on XACML.
Probability propagation nets
(2007)
A class of high level Petri nets, called "probability propagation nets", is introduced which is particularly useful for modeling probability and evidence propagation. These nets themselves are well suited to represent the probabilistic Horn abduction, whereas specific foldings of them will be used for representing the flows of probabilities and likelihoods in Bayesian networks.
The paper deals with a specific introduction into probability propagation nets. Starting from dependency nets (which in a way can be considered the maximum information which follows from the directed graph structure of Bayesian networks), the probability propagation nets are constructed by joining a dependency net and (a slightly adapted version of) its dual net. Probability propagation nets are the Petri net version of Bayesian networks. In contrast to Bayesian networks, Petri nets are transparent and easy to operate. The high degree of transparency is due to the fact that every state in a process is visible as a marking of the Petri net. The convenient operability consists in the fact that there is no algorithm apart from the firing rule of Petri net transitions. Besides the structural importance of the Petri net duality there is a semantic matter; common sense in the form of probabilities and evidencebased likelihoods are dual to each other.