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This volume contains those research papers presented at the Second International Conference on Tests and Proofs (TAP 2008) that were not included in the main conference proceedings. TAP was the second conference devoted to the convergence of proofs and tests. It combines ideas from both areas for the advancement of software quality. To prove the correctness of a program is to demonstrate, through impeccable mathematical techniques, that it has no bugs; to test a program is to run it with the expectation of discovering bugs. On the surface, the two techniques seem contradictory: if you have proved your program, it is fruitless to comb it for bugs; and if you are testing it, that is surely a sign that you have given up on any hope of proving its correctness. Accordingly, proofs and tests have, since the onset of software engineering research, been pursued by distinct communities using rather different techniques and tools. And yet the development of both approaches leads to the discovery of common issues and to the realization that each may need the other. The emergence of model checking has been one of the first signs that contradiction may yield to complementarity, but in the past few years an increasing number of research efforts have encountered the need for combining proofs and tests, dropping earlier dogmatic views of their incompatibility and taking instead the best of what each of these software engineering domains has to offer. The first TAP conference (held at ETH Zurich in February 2007) was an attempt to provide a forum for the cross-fertilization of ideas and approaches from the testing and proving communities. For the 2008 edition we found the Monash University Prato Centre near Florence to be an ideal place providing a stimulating environment. We wish to sincerely thank all the authors who submitted their work for consideration. And we would like to thank the Program Committee members as well as additional referees for their great effort and professional work in the review and selection process. Their names are listed on the following pages. In addition to the contributed papers, the program included three excellent keynote talks. We are grateful to Michael Hennell (LDRA Ltd., Cheshire, UK), Orna Kupferman (Hebrew University, Israel), and Elaine Weyuker (AT&T Labs Inc., USA) for accepting the invitation to address the conference. Two very interesting tutorials were part of TAP 2008: "Parameterized Unit Testing with Pex" (J. de Halleux, N. Tillmann) and "Integrating Verification and Testing of Object-Oriented Software" (C. Engel, C. Gladisch, V. Klebanov, and P. Rümmer). We would like to express our thanks to the tutorial presenters for their contribution. It was a team effort that made the conference so successful. We are grateful to the Conference Chair and the Steering Committee members for their support. And we particularly thank Christoph Gladisch, Beate Körner, and Philipp Rümmer for their hard work and help in making the conference a success. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the generous support of Microsoft Research Redmond, who financed an invited speaker.
Folksonomien sind Web 2.0 Plattformen, in denen Benutzer verschiedene Inhalte miteinander teilen können. Die Inhalte können mit Hilfe von Stichwörtern, den sogenannten Tags, kategorisiert und organisiert werden. Die verschiedenen Folksonomien unterstützen unterschiedliche Inhaltstypen wie zum Beispiel Webseiten (Delicious), Bilder (Flickr) oder Videos (YouTube). Aufgrund ihrer einfachen Benutzungsweise haben Folksonomien viele Millionen Benutzer. Die einfache Benutzungsweise führt aber auch zu einigen Problemen. Diese Doktorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit drei der wichtigsten Probleme und beschreibt Methoden, wie sie gelöst werden können. Das erste dieser Probleme tritt auf, wenn Benutzer die Folksonomien nach bestimmten Inhalten durchsuchen wollen. Häufig können dabei nicht alle relevanten Inhalte gefunden werden, da diesen relevante Stichwörter fehlen. Dementsprechend tritt das zweite Problem während der Vergabe von Stichwörtern auf. Manche Folksonomien, wie zum Beispiel Delicious, unterstützen ihre Benutzer dabei, indem sie ihnen mögliche Stichwörter empfehlen. Andere Folksonomien, wie zum Beispiel Flickr, bieten keine solche Unterstützung. Die Empfehlung von Stichwörtern hilft dem Benutzer dabei, Inhalte auf einfache Art und Weise mit den jeweils relevanten Stichwörtern zu versehen. Das dritte Problem besteht darin, dass weder Stichwörter noch Inhalte mit einer festen Semantik versehen sind und mehrdeutig sein können. Das Problem entsteht dadurch, dass die Benutzer die Stichwörter vollkommen frei rnverwenden können. Die automatische Identifizierung der Semantik von Stichwörtern und Inhalten hilft dabei, die dadurch entstehenden Probleme zu reduzieren. Diese Doktorarbeit stellt mehrere Methoden vor, wie verschiedene Quellen für semantische Informationen benutzt werden können, um die vorher genannten drei Probleme zu lösen. In dieser Doktorarbeit benutzen wir als Quellen Internetsuchmaschinen, soziale Netzwerke im Internet und die gemeinsamen Vorkommen von Stichwörtern in Folksonomien. Die Verwendung der verschiedenen Quellen reduziert den Aufwand bei der Erstellung von Systemen, die die vorher genannten Probleme lösen. Die vorgestellten Methoden wurden auf einem großen Datensatz evaluiert. Die erzielten Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass semantische Informationen bei der Lösung der Probleme helfen, die während der Suche von Inhalten, der Empfehlung von Stichwörtern als auch der automatischen Identifizierung der Semantik von Stichwörtern und Inhalten auftreten.
Wir analysieren versionsbasierte Softwareprojekte, um den Entwicklern API- und Domänen-Wissen zuzuordnen. Genauer gesagt analysieren wir die einzelnen Commits in einem Repository in Hinblick auf die API-Nutzung. Auf dieser Grundlage können wir APIs (oder Teile davon) den Entwicklern zuordnen und dadurch auf die API-Erfahrung der Entwickler schließen. Im transitiven Schluss können wir auf Domänen-Erfahrung schließen, da jeder API eine Programmierdomäne zugewiesen wird.
Soziale Medien bieten eine leistungsstarke Möglichkeit für Menschen, Meinungen und Gefühle zu einem bestimmten Thema auszutauschen, sodass andere von diesen Gedanken und Gefühlen profitieren können. Dieses Verfahren erzeugt eine riesige Menge an unstrukturierten Daten, wie Texte, Bilder und Verweise, die durch täglich anwachsende Kommentare zu verwandten Diskussionen ständig zunimmt. Die riesige Menge an unstrukturierten Daten stellt jedoch ein Risiko für den Prozess der Informationsextraktion dar, sodass die Entscheidungsfindung zu einer großen Herausforderung wird. Dies liegt daran, dass die Datenflut zu einem Verlust von nützlichen Daten aufgrund ihrer unangemessenen Darstellung und ihrer Anhäufung führen kann. Insofern leistet diese Arbeit einen Beitrag zum Gebiet der Sentimentanalyse und des Opinion Mining, das darauf abzielt, Emotionen und Meinungen aus riesigen Text- und Bilddatensätzen zu extrahieren. Das ultimative Ziel ist es, jeden Text oder jedes Bild als Ausdruck einer positiven, negativen oder neutralen Emotion zu klassifizieren, um bei der Entscheidungsfindung zu helfen. Sentiment- und Meinungsklassifikatoren wurden für Text- und Bilddatensätze aus sozialen Medien entwickelt, z. B. für Firmen- oder Produktbewertungen, Blogbeiträge und sogar Twitter-Nachrichten. In dieser Arbeit wird zunächst eine neue Methode zur Reduktion der Dimension von Textdaten auf Basis von Data-Mining-Ansätzen vorgestellt und anschließend das Sentiment auf Basis von neuronalen und Deep Neural Network-Klassifikationsalgorithmen untersucht. Anschließend untersuchen wir im Gegensatz zur Sentiment-Analyseforschung in Textdatensätzen die Sentiment Ausdrucks- und Polaritätsklassifikation innerhalb und über Bilddatensätze hinweg, indem wir tiefe neuronale Netze auf Basis des Aufmerksamkeitsmechanismus aufbauen.
Semantic descriptions of non-textual media available on the web can be used to facilitate retrieval and presentation of media assets and documents containing them. While technologies for multimedia semantic descriptions already exist, there is as yet no formal description of a high quality multimedia ontology that is compatible with existing (semantic) web technologies. We explain the complexity of the problem using an annotation scenario. We then derive a number of requirements for specifying a formal multimedia ontology, including: compatibility with MPEG-7, embedding in foundational ontologies, and modularisation including separation of document structure from domain knowledge. We then present the developed ontology and discuss it with respect to our requirements.
We aim to demonstrate that automated deduction techniques, in particular those following the model computation paradigm, are very well suited for database schema/query reasoning. Specifically, we present an approach to compute completed paths for database or XPath queries. The database schema and a query are transformed to disjunctive logic programs with default negation, using a description logic as an intermediate language. Our underlying deduction system, KRHyper, then detects if a query is satisfiable or not. In case of a satisfiable query, all completed paths -- those that fulfill all given constraints -- are returned as part of the computed models. The purpose of our approach is to dramatically reduce the workload on the query processor. Without the path completion, a usual XML query processor would search the database for solutions to the query. In the paper we describe the transformation in detail and explain how to extract the solution to the original task from the computed models. We understand this paper as a first step, that covers a basic schema/query reaÂsoning task by model-based deduction. Due to the underlying expressive logic formalism we expect our approach to easily adapt to more sophisticated problem settings, like type hierarchies as they evolve within the XML world.
Hyper tableaux with equality
(2007)
In most theorem proving applications, a proper treatment of equational theories or equality is mandatory. In this paper we show how to integrate a modern treatment of equality in the hyper tableau calculus. It is based on splitting of positive clauses and an adapted version of the superposition inference rule, where equations used for paramodulation are drawn (only) from a set of positive unit clauses, the candidate model. The calculus also features a generic, semantically justified simplification rule which covers many redundancy elimination techniques known from superposition theorem proving. Our main results are soundness and completeness, but we briefly describe the implementation, too.
The Living Book is a system for the management of personalized and scenario specific teaching material. The main goal of the system is to support the active, explorative and selfdetermined learning in lectures, tutorials and self study. The Living Book includes a course on 'logic for computer scientists' with a uniform access to various tools like theorem provers and an interactive tableau editor. It is routinely used within teaching undergraduate courses at our university. This paper describes the Living Book and the use of theorem proving technology as a core component in the knowledge management system (KMS) of the Living Book. The KMS provides a scenario management component where teachers may describe those parts of given documents that are relevant in order to achieve a certain learning goal. The task of the KMS is to assemble new documents from a database of elementary units called 'slices' (definitions, theorems, and so on) in a scenario-based way (like 'I want to prepare for an exam and need to learn about resolution'). The computation of such assemblies is carried out by a model-generating theorem prover for first-order logic with a default negation principle. Its input consists of meta data that describe the dependencies between different slices, and logic-programming style rules that describe the scenario-specific composition of slices. Additionally, a user model is taken into account that contains information about topics and slices that are known or unknown to a student. A model computed by the system for such input then directly specifies the document to be assembled. This paper introduces the elearning context we are faced with, motivates our choice of logic and presents the newly developed calculus used in the KMS.
The model evolution calculus
(2004)
The DPLL procedure is the basis of some of the most successful propositional satisfiability solvers to date. Although originally devised as a proof procedure for first-order logic, it has been used almost exclusively for propositional logic so far because of its highly inefficient treatment of quantifiers, based on instantiation into ground formulas. The recent FDPLL calculus by Baumgartner was the first successful attempt to lift the procedure to the first-order level without resorting to ground instantiations. FDPLL lifts to the first-order case the core of the DPLL procedure, the splitting rule, but ignores other aspects of the procedure that, although not necessary for completeness, are crucial for its effectiveness in practice. In this paper, we present a new calculus loosely based on FDPLL that lifts these aspects as well. In addition to being a more faithful litfing of the DPLL procedure, the new calculus contains a more systematic treatment of universal literals, one of FDPLL's optimizations, and so has the potential of leading to much faster implementations.
This minor thesis shows a way to optimise a generated oracle to achieve shorter runtimes. Shorter runtimes of test cases allows the execution of more test cases in the same time. The execution of more test cases leads to a higher confidence in the software-quality. Oracles can be derived from specifications. However specifications are used for different purposes and therefore are not necessarily executable. Even if the are executable it might be with only a high runtime. Those two facts come mostly from the use of quantifiers in the logic. If the quantifier-range is not bounded, respectively if the bounds are outside the target language-datatype-limits, the specification is too expressive to be exported into a program. Even if the bounds inside the used datatype-limits, the quantification is represented as a loop which leads to a runtime blowup, especially if quantifiers are nested. This work explains four different possibilities to reduce the execution time of the oracle by manipulating the quantified formular whereas this approach is only applicable if the quantified variables are of type Integer.
E-KRHyper is a versatile theorem prover and model generator for firstorder logic that natively supports equality. Inequality of constants, however, has to be given by explicitly adding facts. As the amount of these facts grows quadratically in the number of these distinct constants, the knowledge base is blown up. This makes it harder for a human reader to focus on the actual problem, and impairs the reasoning process. We extend E-Hyper- underlying E-KRhyper tableau calculus to avoid this blow-up by implementing a native handling for inequality of constants. This is done by introducing the unique name assumption for a subset of the constants (the so called distinct object identifiers). The obtained calculus is shown to be sound and complete and is implemented into the E-KRHyper system. Synthetic benchmarks, situated in the theory of arrays, are used to back up the benefits of the new calculus.
In dieser Dissertation wird eine Verfahrensweise für die formale Spezifikation und Verifikation von Benutzerschnittstellen unter Sicherheitsaspekten vorgestellt. Mit dieser Verfahrensweise können beweisbar sichere Benutzerschnittstellen realisiert werden. Die Arbeit besteht aus drei Teilen. Im ersten Teil wird eine Methodologie für die formale Beschreibung von Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion entwickelt. Im zweiten Teil werden gängige Computersicherheitskonzepte für die Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion angepasst und mit den im ersten Teil entwickelten Methoden formalisiert. Dabei wird ein generisches formales Modell von Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion erstellt. Im dritten Teil wird die Methodologie, die in den ersten beiden Teilen entwickelt wurde, an einem sicheren Email-Client als exemplarischen Anwendungsprogramm demonstriert.
Avoidance of routing loops
(2009)
We introduce a new routing algorithm which can detect routing loops by evaluating routing updates more thoroughly. Our new algorithm is called Routing with Metric based Topology Investigation (RMTI), which is based on the simple Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and is compatible to all RIP versions. In case of a link failure, a network can reorganize itself if there are redundant links available. Redundant links are only available in a network system like the internet if the topology contains loops. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize and to prevent routing loops. A routing loop can be seen as a circular trace of a routing update information which returns to the same router, either directly from the neighbor router or via a loop topology. Routing loops could consume a large amount of network bandwidth and could impact the endtoend performance of the network. Our RMTI approach is capable to improve the efficiency of Distance Vector Routing.
The University of Koblenz-Landau would like to apply for participation in the RoboCup Mixed Reality League in Suzhou, China 2008. Our team is composed of ten team members and two supervisors. All members are graduate students of Computational Visualistics. Our supervisors are Ph.D. candidates currently researching in the working groups of artificial intelligence and computer graphics.
Diese Arbeit schlägt die Benutzung von MSR (Mining Software Repositories) Techniken zum Identifizieren von Software Entwicklern mit exklusiver Fachkenntnis zu spezifischen APIs und Programmierfachgebieten in Software Repositories vor. Ein versuchsweises Tool zum finden solcher “Islands of Knowledge” in Node.js Projekten wird präsentiert und in einer Fallstudie auf 180 npm packages angewandt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass jedes package im Durchschnitt 2,3 Islands of Knowledge hat, was dadurch erklärbar sein könnte, dass npm packages dazu tendieren nur einen einzelnen Hauptcontributor zu haben. In einer Umfrage werden die Verantwortlichen von 50 packages kontaktiert und nach ihrer Meinung zu den Ergebnissen des Tools gefragt. Zusammen mit deren Antworten berichtet diese Arbeit von den Erfahrungen, die mit dem versuchsweisen Tool gemacht wurden, und wie zukünftige Weiterentwicklungen noch bessere Aussagen über die Verteilung von Programmierfachwissen in Entwicklerteams machen könnten.
The term "Augmented Reality (AR)" denotes the superposition of additional virtual objects and supplementary information over real images. The joint project Enhanced Reality (ER)1 aims at a generic AR-system. The ER-project is a cooperation of six different research groups of the Department of Computer Science at the University of Koblenz-Landau. According to Ronald Azuma an AR-system combines real and virtual environments, where the real and virtual objects are registered in 3-D, and it provides interactivity in real time [Azu97]. Enhanced Reality extends Augmented Reality by requiring the virtual objects to be seamlessly embedded into the real world as photo-realistic objects according to the exact lighting conditions. Furthermore, additional information supplying value-added services may be displayed and interaction of the user may even be immersive. The short-term goal of the ER-project is the exploration of ER-fundamentals using some specific research scenarios; the long-term goal is the development of a component-based ER-framework for the creation of ER-applications for arbitrary application areas. ER-applications are developed as single-user applications for users who are moving in a real environment and are wearing some kind of visual output device like see-through glasses and some mobile end device. By these devices the user is able to see reality as it is, but he can also see the virtual objects and the additional information about some value-added service. Furthermore he might have additional devices whereby he can interact with the available virtual objects. The development of a generic framework for ER-applications requires the definition of generic components which are customizable and composable to build concrete applications and it requires a homogeneous data model which supports all components equally well. The workgroup "Software Technology"2 is responsible for this subproject. This report gives some preliminary results concerning the derivation of a component-based view of ER. There are several augmented reality frameworks like ARVIKA, AMIRE, DWARF, MORGAN, Studierstube and others which offer some support for the development of AR-applications. All of them ease the use of existing subsystems like AR-Toolkit, OpenGL and others and leverage the generation process for realistic systems by making efficient use of those subsystems. Consequently, they highly rely on them.
This thesis introduces fnnlib, a C++ library for recurrent neural network simulations that I developed between October 2009 and March 2010 at Osaka University's Graduate School of Engineering. After covering the theory behind recurrent neural networks, backpropagation through time, recurrent neural networks with parametric bias, continuous-time recurrent neural networks, and echo state networks, the design of the library is explained. All of the classes as well as their interrelationships are presented along with reasons as to why certain design decisions were made. Towards the end of the thesis, a small practical example is shown. Also, fnnlib is compared to other neural network libraries.
Semantic desktop environments aim at improving the effectiveness and efficiency of users carrying out daily tasks within their personal information management infrastructure (PIM). They support the user by transferring and exploiting the explicit semantics of data items across different PIM applications. Whether such an approach does indeed reach its aim of facilitating users" life and—if so—to which extent, however, remains an open question that we address in this paper with the first summative evaluation of a semantic desktop approach. We approach the research question exploiting our own semantic desktop infrastructure, X-COSIM. As data corpus, we have used over 100 emails and 50 documents extracted from the organizers of a conference-like event at our university. The evaluation has been carried out with 18 subjects. We have developed a test environment to evaluate COSIMail and COSIFile, two semantic PIM applications based on X-COSIM. As result, we have found a significant improvement for typical PIM tasks compared to a standard desktop environment.
In this paper we describe a series of projects on location based and personalised information systems. We start wit a basic research project and we show how we came with the help of two other more application oriented project to a product. This is developed by a consortium of enterprises and it already is in use in the city of Koblenz.
In this paper we describe a network for distributing personalized information within a pervasive university. We discuss the system architecture of our Bluetooth-based CampusNews-system, both, from the administrator and the user viewpoint. We furthermore present first statistical data about the usage of the partial installation at the Koblenz campus together with an outlook to future work.