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The maintenance strategy “predictive maintenance”, which is characterized by predicting the failure behavior of technical units based on modern sensor technology, plays a key role in smart factories against the background of an industry 4.0. This paper contains an evaluation of the current state of research on this strategy and gives an overview of the areas of application to date. With the aid of a qualitative video analysis, the implementation in the industries and company divisions involved and the type of goods monitored are examined. The analyzed video clips were uploaded to YouTube for example for marketing purposes by various companies with different perspectives on predictive maintenance. The video analysis was realized by applying a previously defined coding plan to the video material. The results show a predominant application in the manufacturing industry, in which predictive maintenance is used to monitor plants and machines. In addition, the strategy is also mainly applied to means of transport used for freight and passenger transport in various infrastructures. As a result of the video analysis, the currently high need for explanation of predictive maintenance becomes visible. By looking at these explanations, one also learns something about the special features that distinguish it from other maintenance strategies.
Accidents annually cause high economic damages for concerned persons, companies and the state. To determine the exact costs of a damage is a challenge. Scientific studies differ from each other because of different models of calculation. Due to the fact of a low number of accidents concerning rail transport there are not many studies about how to calculate the costs an accident causes. The aim of this thesis is to give an overview about methods when dealing with these costs and to point out occurring difficulties. Generally, costs of accident can be divided in two categories. One category deals with personal injuries whereas the other focuses on material damages. Personal injuries contain material and immaterial damages. This leads to difficulties in calculation. The main aspect when dealing with personal damages is the loss of manpower, the costs of medical supply and the costs of the recovery of the legal situation. Currently there is no model of how to calculate personal damages concerning rail transport in Germany. The “Bundesamt für Straßenverkehr” developed an extensive model for calculations of costs of accident concerning traffic. It turned out that the death of people has costs round about 1.1 million euro. Severely and slightly injured people cause damages about 106,000 euro and 5,000 euro. This thesis declares that the model is important regarding different aspects of rail transport and that it is based on statistically collected key performance indicators. Furthermore, some approaches, which analyse the value of life, are mentioned. There are large derivations between them. To make a calculation of material damage the current value of the object must be respected. When dealing with the limitation of material damages the focus is on damages concerning infrastructure. In addition, railway infrastructure can be mentioned. With the help of the “Kostenkennwertekatalog” of Deutsche Bahn AG acquisitions costs for certain components of infrastructure can be determined. As a result, they offer a basis for calculating damages.
This thesis aims to find models to calculate damages to persons in the context of railway accidents. These models were tested for their applicability for a railway accident database. The reviewed models for injured casualties were identified by a research of literature. Their applicability for the accident database was tested with the aid of average values and sample values. The analysis of fatalities was executed via the combination of collected values of two literature researches. These values were compared to the values of the database.
It was stated that there is a calculation for seriously injured, which may serve more exact values than the calculation of the database, especially when there is more detailed data about the casualties. The calculation of slightly injured couldn't be realized by just beholding the pure damages to persons, because it's only a small part of the costs the responsible company has to pay. For the calculation of fatalities appeared problems with the methodology of the most studies.
In this bachelor thesis a database for worldwide railway national investigation bodies is created. It contains contact details of those authorities as well as information of public accident investigation reports. The database is intended to serve as a basis for information and data acquisition of railway accidents. The information that can be taken from the investigation reports is an important element for a possible economical evaluation and for the efficiency of safety technologies. Besides the basics of the national investigation bodies, accident investigation reports and the efficiency calculation of safety technologies the thesis presents an evaluation of the existing investigation bodies and reports in the database. Also the usefulness of the database of accident investigation bodies will be explained and the potential impact on railway safety will be examined.
This thesis deals with the approach, the structure and the variety of methods in the field of technology forecasting. Furthermore insights into the environment of Railways Diagnostics and Monitoring Technologies (RDMT), their technology management and industryspecific requirements for technology forecasting (especially in the area SMEs) are given. Combining those a recommendation for practical use of research results in companies of this size and industry is developed. In order to initiate the previously mentioned research elements a literature research was operated in the field of innovation management and the railway environment. In addition, an interview with an expert of a medium-sized technology manufacturer of RDMT industry was performed. The most important finding was that a single method cannot fulfill the requirements on its own, thus a combination of methods and organizational forms is necessary to achieve an effective technology forecasting.
Digital Transformation is a main enabler for technological change in today’s society and corporate structures. Companies of all sizes have to face up the change. The com-plexity of the innovations is constantly growing. More and more information and knowledge are needed to build a basis for renewal. Different capabilities, such as highly qualified employees, material resources and the correct handling with these information, constitute the background for the advancement. Compared to large companies, small and medium sized companies (SMEs) are struggling more with these circum-stances. This leaves potential capabilities to optimize daily routines unused.
Challenges here are different internal and external barriers. Examples for that are the lack of IT expertise and innovation culture. Hence it is very important, to show SMEs the advantages of the innovation process within the scope of digital transformation. Cost savings, improvement of IT infrastructure or optimization of their business processes, are drivers that should be adopted in the awareness of SMEs.
Recommendations for action are needed, also with the support of information management. This includes information management, strategic management for external an internal information and the selection of an appropriate IT infrastructure. However dynamic management skills and sufficient IT expertise also complement the digitization process.
This becomes clear from the literature analysis following the principles of Webster and Watson (2002). The Concept mapping and the concept matrix serves to support the process. They are presenting the key words and showing the most important works of the bachelor thesis. The argumentation of the bachelor thesis based on this.
Literaturanalyse und Darstellung aktueller Forschungsschwerpunkte zum Thema Entrepreneurial Strategy
(2019)
Entrepreneurial Strategy ist in der Literaturwelt weit verbreitet. Dieser Begriff fand schon im 20. Jahrhundert seine Anwendung und zieht sich bis ins heutige Zeitalter weiter. Diese Beständigkeit und Entwicklung des Entrepreneurs und dem Wunsch nach einem eigenen Unternehmen trieben die Diskussion dieses Themas voran. Die Wahl der passenden unternehmerischen Strategie ist eine der wichtigsten Entscheidungen, die ein Unternehmer treffen muss. Diese Problematik sorgte für eine Analyse und genaue Forschung der Entscheidungen und Einflussfaktoren. Resultate davon wurden festgehalten und interpretiert um die Branche der Entrepreneure zu fördern und somit die Wirtschaft anzutreiben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird zunächst ein Grundverständnis für die wichtigsten Begrifflichkeiten ausgearbeitet. Grundlage dieser Bachelorarbeit ist jedoch, anhand einer Literaturanalyse nach Webster und Watson (2002) einen Einblick in die Forschung der Entwicklung von Entrepreneurial Strategy zu geben und den aktuellen Stand herauszuarbeiten. Anahnd dieser Literaturanalyse werden Referenzen, Konzepte und die Notwendigkeit von Strategien verdeutlicht und die Rolle in einem Start-Up erklärt. Aus der Analyse und dem Vergleich zu älteren Veröffentlichungen geht hervor, das der Prozess der Strategiefindung eine Differenzierung in zwei Teile aufweist. Es wird unter dem Strategiesuch- und dem Strategieauswahlprozess uinterschieden. Merkmale, die früher als Allgemeine Einflussfaktoren für die Wahl der Strategie angenommen wurden, werden in der heutigen Literatur den genauen Prozessen und Phasen zugeteilt. Das Resultiert, das Merkmale, wie die persönlichen Eigenschaften, die Umgebung und das Humankapital eines Unternehmers mehr Einfluss während dem Suchprozess haben als während der darauffolgenden Auswahl. Zudem wurden für die Auwahl Methoden und Richtlinien entwickelt, die dem Unternehmer helfen sollen seine Alternativen zu sortieren und daraus zu wählen.
A growing flood of advertising and information as well a limited capacity to collect information present a challenge to marketing today. Marketing in general is very important for the success of a company. But the classic marketing theory which ignores the special characteristics of young companies dominates. A new company with a new idea and a new product meets an existing market with customers and established competitors. For an innovation-related founding context this is a special challenge.
In this bachelor thesis the subjects, entrepreneurship and marketing will be discussed first. In addition the special characteristics of young companies, the so-called liabilities will be explained. The meaning of the term entrepreneurial marketing is explained by detailed consideration of the close and wide conceptual understanding. Afterwards the comparison clarifies the difference to the classic marketing. As part of the literature review, the current state of research will be presented and the practical use will be examined in more detail based on the central approaches. The approaches are the guerrilla marketing, ambient marketing, sensation marketing, viral marketing and ambush marketing. How entrepreneurial marketing with the central approaches is used in a start-up company is analyzed by a qualitative investigation in the form of a case study.
The case study shows that unconventional marketing measures and low use of medium can have a large effect. The entrepreneurial marketing therefore offers an alternative to classic marketing because it pays attention to the special characteristics of a young start-up company. This bachelor thesis shows that the entrepreneurial marketing can convert the weaknesses of young founding companies into strengths and lead to superiority over the competition.
As a result of the technical progress, processes have to be adjusted. On the one hand, the digital transformation is absolutely necessary for every organization to operate efficient and sustainable, on the other hand whose accomplishment is a tremendous challenge. The huge amount of personal data, which accrue in this context, is an additional difficulty.
Against the background of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), this thesis focuses on process management and ways of optimizing processes in a Human Resources Department. Beside the analysis of already existing structures and workflows, data management and especially the handling of personal data in an application process are examined. Both topics, the process management and the data protection are vitally important by itself, but it is necessary to implement the requirements of data protection within the appropriate position of a corresponding process. Relating to this, the thesis deals with the research question of what barriers may occur by a sustainable process integration and to which extend the GDPR prevent an unobstructed workflow within the Human Resources Department of the Handwerkskammer Koblenz. Additionally, answering the question of which subprocesses are convenient for a process automation is highly significant.
In scope of these questions Business Process Management is the solution. By means of the graphical representation standard, Business Process Model and Notation, a process model with the relevant activities, documents and responsibilities of the recruitment process is designed. Based on a target-actual comparison it becomes apparent, that standardized process steps with less exceptions and a large amount of information are basically convenient for automation respectively partial automation. After the different phases of the recruitment process are documented in detail, a Workflow-Management-System can ex-port the transformed models, so the involved employees just have to carry out a task list with assigned exercises. Against the background of the data protection regulations, access rights and maturities can be determined. Subsequently only authorized employees have admission to the personal data of applicants. Because of impending sanctions by violation against the GDPR, the implementation of the relevant legal foundations within the recruitment process is necessary and appropriate. Relating to the defined research questions, it appears that in principle not every activity is appropriate for a process automation. Especially unpredictable and on a wide range of factors depending subprocesses are unsuitable. Additionally, media discontinuities and redundant data input are obstacles to an enduring process integration. Nevertheless, a coherent consideration of the topics of business process management and the data protection regulations is required.
Increasing innovation is the main reason of a changing daily work. The interaction of progressing digital technologies and our working society has originated the term “New Work”. “New Work” implies, that like spare time work time becomes part of the world of live. In this context, the self-responsibility, self-determination and self-realization of an individual in the professional as well as in the private environment is important.
The subject of this bachelor thesis is to evaluate the meaning of “New Work”. Also the components and the background is considered in detail by the literature analysis in order to answer the first research question "What is the meaning of the term “New Work" in research and practice?". For this purpose, the central contents of digitalization and technology, structure of work as well as work attitude of “New Work” are taken up and explicitly examined. What perception and what benefits employees and entrepreneurs have in relation to these contents is analyzed in the present bachelor thesis on the basis of a qualitative study. The collected results from the expert interviews also provide a comparison between entrepreneurs and employees understanding, attitude and feelings towards “New Work”.
The interviews show, that “New Work” has a positive influence on the personal and the professional development of individuals. In addition, “New Work” has created new perspectives and requirements for workers and employers. “New Work” is focusing on goal-oriented working attitude and displaces time-oriented work. Through the realization and implementation of these new perspectives and requirements, it results in a fulfilling feeling in the working and living world. Caused by the abolishment of boundaries, “New Work” can be realized. Due to a satisfying profession, the sense and purpose of the work is no longer questioned. The “New Work” development leads to a cultural revolution based and digital changes.