570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie
Larvae of Cx.pipiens coocurred with Cladocera, but the latter established delayed in time. Biotope structure influenced time of species occurrence with ponds at reed-covered wetlands favouring crustacean development, while ponds at grassland biotopes favoured colonization by mosquito larvae. The mechanisms driving the negative effect of crustaceans on mosquito larvae were investigated within an experiment under artificial conditions. Crustacean communities were found to reduce both oviposition and larval development of Cx.pipiens. Crustacean communities of high taxa diversity, including both predatory and competing crustaceans, were more effective compared with crustacean communities dominated by single taxa. Presence of crustacean communities characterised by high taxa diversity increased the sensitivity of Cx.pipiens larvae towards Bti and prolonged the time of recolonization. In a final step the combined approach, using Bti and crustaceans, was evaluated under field conditions. The joint application of Bti and crustaceans was found to reduce mosquito larval populations over the whole observation period, while single application of Bti caused only short-term reduction of mosquito larvae. Single application of crustaceans had no significant effect, because high abundances of prior established mosquito larvae impeded propagation of crustaceans. At combined treatment, mosquito larvae were reduced by Bti application and hence crustaceans were able to proliferate without disturbance by interspecific competition. In conclusion, natural competitors were found to have a strong negative impact on mosquito larval populations. However, a time span of about 2 weeks has to be bridged, before crustacean communities reached a level sufficient for mosquito control. Results of a combined approach, complementing the short-term effect of the biological insecticide Bti with the long-term effect of crustaceans, were promising. Using natural competitors within an integrated control strategy could be an important tool for an effective, environmentally friendly and sustainable mosquito management.
Fate and effects of insecticides in vegetated agricultural drainage ditches and constructed wetlands
(2006)
Studies have shown that runoff and spray-drift are important sources of nonpoint-source pesticide pollution of surface waters. Owing to this, public concern over the presence of pesticides in surface and ground water has resulted in intensive scientific efforts to find economical, yet environmentally sound solutions to the problem. The primary objective of this research was to assess the effectiveness of vegetated aquatic systems in providing buffering between natural aquatic ecosystems and agricultural landscape following insecticide associated runoff and spray-drift events. The first set of studies were implemented using vegetated agricultural ditches, one in Mississippi, USA, using pyrethroids (bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin) under simulated runoff conditions and the other in the Western Cape, South Africa using the organophosphate insecticide, azinphos-methyl (AZP), under natural runoff and spray-drift conditions. The second set of studies were implemented using constructed wetlands, one in the Western Cape using AZP under natural spray-drift conditions and the other in Mississippi, USA using the organophosphate MeP under simulated runoff conditions. Results from the Mississippi-ditch study indicated that ditch lengths of less than 300 m would be sufficient to mitigate bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin. In addition, data from mass balance calculations determined that the ditch plants were the major sink (generally > 90%) and/or sorption site for the rapid dissipation of the above pyrethroids from the water column. Similarly, results from the ditch study in South Africa showed that a 180 m vegetated system was effective in mitigating AZP after natural spray drift and low flow runoff events. Analytical results from the first wetland study show that the vegetated wetland was more effective than the non-vegetated wetland in reducing loadings of MeP. Mass balance calculations indicated approximately 90% of MeP mass was associated with the plant compartment. Ninety-six hours after the contamination, a significant negative acute effect of contamination on abundances was found in 8 out of the 15 macroinvertebrate species in both wetland systems. Even with these toxic effects, the overall reaction of macroinvertebrates clearly demonstrated that the impact of MeP in the vegetated wetland was considerably lower than in the non-vegetated wetland. Results from the constructed wetland study in South Africa revealed that concentrations of AZP at the inlet of the 134 m wetland system were reduced by 90% at the outlet. Overall, results from all of the studies in this thesis indicate that the presence of the plant compartment was essential for the effective mitigation of insecticide contamination introduced after both simulated and natural runoff or spray-drift events. Finally, both the vegetated agricultural drainage ditch and vegetated constructed wetland systems studied would be effective in mitigating pesticide loadings introduced from either runoff or spray-drift, in turn lowering or eliminating potential pesticide associated toxic effects in receiving aquatic ecosystems. Data produced in this research provide important information to reduce insecticide risk in exposure assessment scenarios. It should be noted that incorporating these types of best management practices (BMPs) will decrease the risk of acute toxicity, but chronic exposure may still be an apparent overall risk.