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Die Raytracing-Beschleunigung durch dedizierte Datenstrukturen ist schon lange ein wichtiges Thema der Computergrafik. Im Allgemeinen werden dafür zwei unterschiedliche Ansätze vorgeschlagen: räumliche und richtungsbezogene Beschleunigungsstrukturen. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt einen innovativen kombinierten Ansatz dieser beiden Bereiche vor, welcher weitere Beschleunigung der Strahlenverfolgung ermöglicht. Dazu werden moderne räumliche Datenstrukturen als Basisstrukturen verwendet und um vorberechnete gerichtete Sichtbarkeitsinformationen auf Basis von Schächten innerhalb einer originellen Struktur, dem Line Space, ergänzt.
Im Laufe der Arbeit werden neuartige Ansätze für die vorberechneten Sichtbarkeitsinformationen vorgeschlagen: ein binärer Wert, der angibt, ob ein Schacht leer oder gefüllt ist, sowie ein einzelner Vertreter, der als repräsentativer Kandidat die tatsächliche Oberfläche approximiert. Es wird gezeigt, wie der binäre Wert nachweislich in einer einfachen, aber effektiven Leerraumüberspringungs-Technik (Empty Space Skipping) genutzt wird, welche unabhängig von der tatsächlich verwendeten räumlichen Basisdatenstruktur einen Leistungsgewinn beim Raytracing von bis zu 40% ermöglicht. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass diese binären Sichtbarkeitsinformationen eine schnelle Technik zur Berechnung von weichen Schatten und Umgebungsverdeckung auf der Grundlage von Blockerapproximationen ergeben. Obwohl die Ergebnisse einen gewissen Ungenauigkeitsfehler enthalten, welcher auch dargestellt und diskutiert wird, zeigt sich, dass eine weitere Traversierungsbeschleunigung von bis zu 300% gegenüber der Basisstruktur erreicht wird. Als Erweiterung zu diesem Ansatz wird die repräsentative Kandidatenvorberechnung demonstriert, welche verwendet wird, um die indirekte Lichtberechnung durch die Integration von kaum wahrnehmbaren Bildfehlern signifikant zu beschleunigen. Schließlich werden Techniken vorgeschlagen und bewertet, die auf zweistufigen Strukturen und einer Nutzungsheuristik basieren. Diese reduzieren den Speicherverbrauch und die Approximationsfehler bei Aufrechterhaltung des Geschwindigkeitsgewinns und ermöglichen zusätzlich weitere Möglichkeiten mit Objektinstanziierungen und starren Transformationen.
Alle Beschleunigungs- und Speicherwerte sowie die Näherungsfehler werden gemessen, dargestellt und diskutiert. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass durch den Line Space eine deutliche Erhöhung der Raytracing Leistung auf Kosten eines höheren Speicherverbrauchs und möglicher Annäherungsfehler erreicht wird. Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse zeigen damit die Leistungsfähigkeit des kombinierten Ansatzes und eröffnen weitere Möglichkeiten für zukünftige Arbeiten.
The model evolution calculus
(2004)
The DPLL procedure is the basis of some of the most successful propositional satisfiability solvers to date. Although originally devised as a proof procedure for first-order logic, it has been used almost exclusively for propositional logic so far because of its highly inefficient treatment of quantifiers, based on instantiation into ground formulas. The recent FDPLL calculus by Baumgartner was the first successful attempt to lift the procedure to the first-order level without resorting to ground instantiations. FDPLL lifts to the first-order case the core of the DPLL procedure, the splitting rule, but ignores other aspects of the procedure that, although not necessary for completeness, are crucial for its effectiveness in practice. In this paper, we present a new calculus loosely based on FDPLL that lifts these aspects as well. In addition to being a more faithful litfing of the DPLL procedure, the new calculus contains a more systematic treatment of universal literals, one of FDPLL's optimizations, and so has the potential of leading to much faster implementations.
With the ongoing process of building business networks in today- economy, business to-business integration (B2B Integration) has become a strategic tool for utilizing and optimizing information exchange between business partners. Industry and academia have made remarkable progress in implementing and conceptualizing different kinds of electronic inter-company relationships in the last years. Nevertheless, academic findings generally focus exclusively on certain aspects of the research object, e.g. document standards, process integration or other descriptive criteria. Without arncommon framework these results stay unrelated and their mutual impact on each other remains largely unexplained. In this paper we explore motivational factors of B2B integration in practice. In a research project using a uniform taxonomy (eXperience methodology) we classified real-world B2B integration projects from a pool of over 400 case studies using a pre-developed framework for integration scenarios. The result of our partly exploratory research shows the influence of the role of a company in the supply chain and its motive to invest in a B2B solution.
Die folgende Arbeit analysiert die Funktionsweise und Programmiermöglichkeiten von Compute Shadern. Dafür wird zunächst in Kapitel 2 eine Einführung in Compute Shader gegeben, in der gezeigt wird, wie diese funktionieren und wie sie programmiert werden können. Zusätzlich wird das Zusammenspiel von Compute Shadern und OpenGL 4.3 anhand zweier einführender Beispiele gezeigt. Kapitel 3 beschreibt dann eine N-Körper Simulation, welche implementiert wurde um die Rechenleistung von Compute Shadern und den Einsatz von gemeinsamen Speicher zu zeigen. Danach wird in Kapitel 4 gezeigt, inwiefern sich Compute Shader für physikalische Simulationen eignen und wo Probleme auftauchen können. In Kapitel 5 wird ein eigens konzipierter und entwickelter Algorithmus zur Erkennung von Linien in Bildern beschrieben und anschließend mit der Hough Transformation verglichen. Zuletzt wird in Kapitel 6 ein abschließendes Fazit gezogen.
Dualizing marked Petri nets results in tokens for transitions (t-tokens). A marked transition can strictly not be enabled, even if there are sufficient "enabling" tokens (p-tokens) on its input places. On the other hand, t-tokens can be moved by the firing of places. This permits flows of t-tokens which describe sequences of non-events. Their benefiit to simulation is the possibility to model (and observe) causes and effects of non-events, e.g. if something is broken down.
The STOR project aims at the development of a scientific component system employing models and knowledge for object recognition in images. This interim report elaborates on the requirements for such a component system, structures the application area by identifying a large set of basic operations, and shows how a set of appropriate data structures and components can be derived. A small case studies exemplifies the approach.
Current political issues are often reflected in social media discussions, gathering politicians and voters on common platforms. As these can affect the public perception of politics, the inner dynamics and backgrounds of such debates are of great scientific interest. This thesis takes user generated messages from an up-to-date dataset of considerable relevance as Time Series, and applies a topic-based analysis of inspiration and agenda setting to it. The Institute for Web Science and Technologies of the University Koblenz-Landau has collected Twitter data generated beforehand by candidates of the European Parliament Election 2019. This work processes and analyzes the dataset for various properties, while focusing on the influence of politicians and media on online debates. An algorithm to cluster tweets into topical threads is introduced. Subsequently, Sequential Association Rules are mined, yielding wide array of potential influence relations between both actors and topics. The elaborated methodology can be configured with different parameters and is extensible in functionality and scope of application.
The paper is devoted to solving the problem of assessing the quality of the medical electronic service. A variety of dimensions and factors of quality, methods and models applied in different scopes of activity for assessing quality of service is researched. The basic aspects, requirements and peculiarities of implementing medical electronic services are investigated. The results of the analysis and the set of information models describing the processes of assessing quality of the electronic service "Booking an appointment with a physician" and developed for this paper allowed us to describe the methodology and to state the problem of the assessment of quality of this service.
Towards Improving the Understanding of Image Semantics by Gaze-based Tag-to-Region Assignments
(2011)
Eye-trackers have been used in the past to identify visual foci in images, find task-related image regions, or localize affective regions in images. However, they have not been used for identifying specific objects in images. In this paper, we investigate whether it is possible to assign image regions showing specific objects with tags describing these objects by analyzing the users' gaze paths. To this end, we have conducted an experiment with 20 subjects viewing 50 image-tag-pairs each. We have compared the tag-to-region assignments for nine existing and four new fixation measures. In addition, we have investigated the impact of extending region boundaries, weighting small image regions, and the number of subjects viewing the images. The paper shows that a tag-to-region assignment with an accuracy of 67% can be achieved by using gaze information. In addition, we show that multiple regions on the same image can be differentiated with an accuracy of 38%.
Tractography on HARDI data
(2011)
Diffusionsgewichtete Bildgebung ist eine wichtige Modalität in der klinischen Praxis. Sie stellt gegenwärtig die einzige Möglichkeit dar, nicht invasiv und in vivo Einblicke in das menschliche Gehirn zu erhalten. Die Einsatzgebiete dieser Technik sind sehr vielseitig. Sie wird zur Untersuchung des Gehirns, seiner Struktur, seiner Entwicklung und der Funktionsweisenseiner verschiedenen Areale einsetzt. Weiterhin spielt diese Modalität eine wichtige Rolle bei der Operationsplanung am Gehirn und der Untersuchung von Schlaganfall, Alzheimer und Multipler Sklerose. Diese Arbeit gibt eine kurze Einführung in die Bildgebungmittels MRT und geht auf die Entstehung diffusionsgewichtete Bilder ein. Darauf aufbauend wird der Diffusionstensor, die am meisten verbreitete Datenrepräsentation in der Diffusionsbildgebung, vorgestellt. Da die Repräsentation der Diffusion als Diffusionstensor erhebliche Einschränkungen darstellt, werden neue Methoden zur Datenrepräsentation vorgestellt und diskutiert. Diese neuen Methoden werden unter dem Begriff HARDI (Diffusionsbildgebung mit hoher Winkelauflösung, von engl. high angular resolution diffusion imaging) zusammengefasst. Weiterhin wird eine ausführliche Einführung in das Thema der Traktografie, der Rekonstruktion von Nervenbahnen im Gehirn, gegeben. Basierend auf diesem theoretischenWissen werden etablierte Algorithmen der Traktografie von Diffusionstensor- auf HARDI-Daten überführt. Dadurch wird die Rekonstruktion derNervenbahnen entscheidend verbessert. Es wird eine vollständig neue Methode vorgestellt, die in der Lage ist, Nervenbahnen sowohl auf einem Phantomdatensatz, als auch auf einem vom Menschen stammenden Gehirndatensatz zu rekonstruieren. Weiterhin wird ein neuartiger globaler Ansatz vorgestellt, um Voxel anhand ihrer Diffusionseigenschaften zu klassifizieren.
UML models and OWL ontologies constitute modeling approaches with different strength and weaknesses that make them appropriate for use of specifying different aspects of software systems. In particular, OWL ontologies are well suited to specify classes using an expressive logical language with highly flexible, dynamic and polymorphic class membership, while UML diagrams are much more suitable for specifying not only static models including classes and associations, but also dynamic behavior. Though MOF based metamodels and UML profiles for OWL have been proposed in the past, an integrated use of both modeling approaches in a coherent framework has been lacking so far. We present such a framework, TwoUse, for developing integrated models, comprising the benefits of UML models and OWL ontologies
Graph-based data formats are flexible in representing data. In particular semantic data models, where the schema is part of the data, gained traction and commercial success in recent years. Semantic data models are also the basis for the Semantic Web - a Web of data governed by open standards in which computer programs can freely access the provided data. This thesis is concerned with the correctness of programs that access semantic data. While the flexibility of semantic data models is one of their biggest strengths, it can easily lead to programmers accidentally not accounting for unintuitive edge cases. Often, such exceptions surface during program execution as run-time errors or unintended side-effects. Depending on the exact condition, a program may run for a long time before the error occurs and the program crashes.
This thesis defines type systems that can detect and avoid such run-time errors based on schema languages available for the Semantic Web. In particular, this thesis uses the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and its theoretic underpinnings, i.e., description logics, as well as the Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) to define type systems that provide type-safe data access to semantic data graphs. Providing a safe type system is an established methodology for proving the absence of run-time errors in programs without requiring execution. Both schema languages are based on possible world semantics but differ in the treatment of incomplete knowledge. While OWL allows for modelling incomplete knowledge through an open-world semantics, SHACL relies on a fixed domain and closed-world semantics. We provide the formal underpinnings for type systems based on each of the two schema languages. In particular, we base our notion of types on sets of values which allows us to specify a subtype relation based on subset semantics. In case of description logics, subsumption is a routine problem. For
the type system based on SHACL, we are able to translate it into a description
logic subsumption problem.
This habilitation thesis collects works addressing several challenges on handling uncertainty and inconsistency in knowledge representation. In particular, this thesis contains works which introduce quantitative uncertainty based on probability theory into abstract argumentation frameworks. The formal semantics of this extension is investigated and its application for strategic argumentation in agent dialogues is discussed. Moreover, both the computational as well as the meaningfulness of approaches to analyze inconsistencies, both in classical logics as well as logics for uncertain reasoning is investigated. Finally, this thesis addresses the implementation challenges for various kinds of knowledge representation formalisms employing any notion of inconsistency tolerance or uncertainty.
Unlocking the semantics of multimedia presentations in the web with the multimedia metadata ontology
(2010)
The semantics of rich multimedia presentations in the web such as SMIL, SVG and Flash cannot or only to a very limited extend be understood by search engines today. This hampers the retrieval of such presentations and makes their archival and management a difficult task. Existing metadata models and metadata standards are either conceptually too narrow, focus on a specific media type only, cannot be used and combined together, or are not practically applicable for the semantic description of rich multimedia presentations. In this paper, we propose the Multimedia Metadata Ontology (M3O) for annotating rich, structured multimedia presentations. The M3O provides a generic modeling framework for representing sophisticated multimedia metadata. It allows for integrating the features provided by the existing metadata models and metadata standards. Our approach bases on Semantic Web technologies and can be easily integrated with multimedia formats such as the W3C standards SMIL and SVG. With the M3O, we unlock the semantics of rich multimedia presentations in the web by making the semantics machine-readable and machine-understandable. The M3O is used with our SemanticMM4U framework for the multi-channel generation of semantically-rich multimedia presentations.
Hybrid systems are the result of merging the two most commonly used models for dynamical systems, namely continuous dynamical systems defined by differential equations and discrete-event systems defined by automata. One can view hybrid systems as constrained systems, where the constraints describe the possible process flows, invariants within states, and transitions on the one hand, and to characterize certain parts of the state space (e.g. the set of initial states, or the set of unsafe states) on the other hand. Therefore, it is advantageous to use constraint logic programming (CLP) as an approach to model hybrid systems. In this paper, we provide CLP implementations, that model hybrid systems comprising several concurrent hybrid automata, whose size is only straight proportional to the size of the given system description. Furthermore, we allow different levels of abstraction by making use of hierarchies as in UML statecharts. In consequence, the CLP model can be used for analyzing and testing the absence or existence of (un)wanted behaviors in hybrid systems. Thus in summary, we get a procedure for the formal verification of hybrid systems by model checking, employing logic programming with constraints.
Die Entwicklung von Algorithmen im Sinne des Algorithm Engineering geschieht zyklisch. Der entworfene Algorithmus wird theoretisch analysiert und anschließend implementiert. Nach der praktischen Evaluierung wird der Entwurf anhand der gewonnenen Kenntnisse weiter entwickelt. Formale Verifffizierung der Implementation neben der praktischen Evaluierung kann den Entwicklungsprozess verbessern. Mit der Java Modeling Language (JML) und dem KeY tool stehen eine einfache Spezififfkationssprache und ein benutzerfreundliches, automatisiertes Verififfkationstool zur Verfügung. Diese Arbeit untersucht, inwieweit das KeY tool für die Verifffizierung von komplexeren Algorithmen geeignet ist und welche Rückmeldungen für Algorithmiker aus der Verififfkation gewonnen werden können.Die Untersuchung geschieht anhand von Dijkstras Algorithmus zur Berechnung von kürzesten Wegen in einem Graphen. Es sollen eine konkrete Implementation des Standard-Algorithmus und anschließend Implementationen weiterer Varianten verifffiziert werden. Dies ahmt den Entwicklungsprozess des Algorithmus nach, um in jeder Iteration nach möglichen Rückmeldungen zu suchen. Bei der Verifffizierung der konkreten Implementation merken wir, dass es nötig ist, zuerst eine abstraktere Implementation mit einfacheren Datenstrukturen zu verififfzieren. Mit den dort gewonnenen Kenntnissen können wir dann die Verifikation der konkreten Implementation fortführen. Auch die Varianten des Algorithmus können dank der vorangehenden Verififfkationen verifiziert werden. Die Komplexität von Dijkstras Algorithmus bereitet dem KeY tool einige Schwierigkeiten bezüglich der Performanz, weswegen wir während der Verifizierung die Automatisierung etwas reduzieren müssen. Auf der anderenrn Seite zeigt sich, dass sich aus der Verifffikation einige Rückmeldungen ableiten lassen.
Virtual Goods + ODRL 2012
(2012)
This is the 10th international workshop for technical, economic, and legal aspects of business models for virtual goods incorporating the 8th ODRL community group meeting. This year we did not call for completed research results, but we invited PhD students to present and discuss their ongoing research work. In the traditional international group of virtual goods and ODRL researchers we discussed PhD research from Belgium, Brazil, and Germany. The topics focused on research questions about rights management in the Internet and e-business stimulation. In the center of rights management stands the conception of a formal policy expression that can be used for human readable policy transparency, as well as for machine readable support of policy conformant systems behavior up to automatic policy enforcement. ODRL has proven to be an ideal basis for policy expressions, not only for digital copy rights, but also for the more general "Policy Awareness in the World of Virtual Goods". In this sense, policies support the communication of virtual goods, and they are a virtualization of rules-governed behavior themselves.
Die automatische Detektion der Lage und Ausrichtung von Unterwasser-Kabeln oder -Pipelines in Kamerabildern ermöglicht es, Unterwasserfahrzeuge autonome Kontrollfahrten durchführen zu lassen. Durch Pflanzenwuchs auf und in der Nähe von Kabeln bzw. Pipelines wird deren visuelle Erfassung jedoch erschwert: Die Bestimmug der Lage über die Detektion von Kanten mit anschließender Linien-Extraktion schlägt oft fehl. Probabilistische Ansätze sind hier den deterministischen überlegen. Durch die Modellierung von Wahrscheinlichkeiten kann trotz geringer Anzahl von extrahierten Merkmalen eine Aussage über den Zustand des Systems getroffen werden. Diese Arbeit stellt ein neues auf Partikelfiltern basierendes Tracking-System für die Verfolgung von Kabeln und Pipelines in Bildsequenzen vor. Umfangreiche Experimente auf realistischen Unterwasser-Videos zeigen die Robustheit und Performanz des gewählten Ansatzes sowie Vorteile gegenüber vorangegangenen Arbeiten.